Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is inflammation (irritation and swelling) of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus.

Causes, Incidence, And Risk Factors


The hepatitis A virus is found mostly in the stools and blood of an infected person about 15 - 45 days before symptoms occur and during the first week of illness.
You can catch hepatitis A if:

You eat or drink food or water that has been contaminated by the virus (fruits, vegetables, shellfish, ice, and water are common sources of the hepatitis A virus)
You come in contact with the stool or blood of a person who currently has the disease

A person with hepatitis A does not wash his or her hands properly after going to the bathroom and touches other objects or food

You participate in sexual practices that involve oral-anal contact

Risk factors include:

International travel, especially to Asia or South or Central America

IV drug use

Living in a nursing home or rehabilitation center

Working in a health care, food, or sewage industry

Other common hepatitis virus infections include hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Hepatitis A is the least serious and mildest of these diseases. The other hepatitis infections may become chronic illnesses, but hepatitis A does not become chronic.
Symptoms


Symptoms will usually show up 2 - 6 weeks after being exposed to the hepatitis A virus. They are usually mild, but may last for up to several months, especially in adults.

Signs And Tests

The doctor will perform a physical examination and may discover that you have an enlarged and tender liver.



Hepatitis serology tests may show:



Raised IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis A (IgM is usually positive before IgG)

Elevated liver enzymes (liver function tests)

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Rest is recommended during the acute phase of the disease when the symptoms are most severe. People with acute hepatitis should avoid alcohol and any substances that are toxic to the liver, including acetaminophen (Tylenol).



Fatty foods may cause vomiting, because secretions from the liver are needed to digest fats. Fatty foods are best avoided during the acute phase.



Expectations (Prognosis)

The virus does not remain in the body after the infection has gone away.



Over 85% of people with hepatitis A recover within 3 months. Nearly all patients get better within 6 months.



There is a low risk of death, usually among the elderly and persons with chronic liver disease.



Complications

There are usually no complications. One in a thousand cases becomes fulminant hepatitis, which can be life threatening.



Calling Your Health Care Provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis.



Prevention

The following tips can help reduce your risk of spreading or catching the virus:



Always wash your hands thoroughly after using the restroom and when you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other bodily fluid

Avoid unclean food and water

The virus may spread more rapidly through day care centers and other places where people are in close contact. Thorough hand washing before and after each diaper change, before serving food, and after using the restroom may help prevent such outbreaks.



If you have recently been exposed to hepatitis A and have not had hepatitis A before or have not received the hepatitis A vaccine series, ask your doctor or nurse about receiving either immune globulin or the hepatitis A vaccine. Common reasons why you may need to receive one or both of these include:

You live with someone who has hepatitis A

You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A

You recently shared illegal drugs, either injected or non-injected, with someone who has hepatitis A

You have had close personal contact over a period of time with someone who has hepatitis A

You have eaten in a restaurant where food or food handlers were found to be infected or contaminated with hepatitis A

Vaccines that protect against hepatitis A infection are available. The vaccine begins to protect 4 weeks after receiving the first dose. The 6- to 12-month booster is required for long-term protection. See: Hepatitis A vaccine

Travelers should take the following precautions:

Avoid dairy products.

Avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish.

Beware of sliced fruit that may have been washed in contaminated water. Travelers should peel all fresh fruits and vegetables themselves.

Do not buy food from street vendors.

Get vaccinated against hepatitis A (and possibly hepatitis B) if traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur.

Use only carbonated bottled water for brushing teeth and drinking. (Remember that ice cubes can carry infection.)

If no water is available, boiling water is the best method for eliminating hepatitis A. Bringing the water to a full boil for at least 1 minute generally makes it safe to drink.

Heated food should be hot to the touch and eaten right away.

Symptoms include:




Dark urine

Fatigue

Itching

Loss of appetite

Low-grade fever

Nausea and vomiting

Pale or clay-colored stools

Yellow skin (jaundice)

Signs And Tests



Complications

There are usually no complications. One in a thousand cases becomes fulminant hepatitis, which can be life threatening.



Calling Your Health Care Provider

Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of hepatitis.



Prevention

The following tips can help reduce your risk of spreading or catching the virus:



Always wash your hands thoroughly after using the restroom and when you come in contact with an infected person's blood, stools, or other bodily fluid

Avoid unclean food and water

The virus may spread more rapidly through day care centers and other places where people are in close contact. Thorough hand washing before and after each diaper change, before serving food, and after using the restroom may help prevent such outbreaks.



If you have recently been exposed to hepatitis A and have not had hepatitis A before or have not received the hepatitis A vaccine series, ask your doctor or nurse about receiving either immune globulin or the hepatitis A vaccine. Common reasons why you may need to receive one or both of these include:



You live with someone who has hepatitis A

You recently had sexual contact with someone who has hepatitis A

You recently shared illegal drugs, either injected or non-injected, with someone who has hepatitis A

You have had close personal contact over a period of time with someone who has hepatitis A

You have eaten in a restaurant where food or food handlers were found to be infected or contaminated with hepatitis A

Vaccines that protect against hepatitis A infection are available. The vaccine begins to protect 4 weeks after receiving the first dose. The 6- to 12-month booster is required for long-term protection. See: Hepatitis A vaccine



Travelers should take the following precautions:



Avoid dairy products.

Avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish.

Beware of sliced fruit that may have been washed in contaminated water. Travelers should peel all fresh fruits and vegetables themselves.

Do not buy food from street vendors.

Get vaccinated against hepatitis A (and possibly hepatitis B) if traveling to countries where outbreaks of the disease occur.

Use only carbonated bottled water for brushing teeth and drinking. (Remember that ice cubes can carry infection.)

If no water is available, boiling water is the best method for eliminating hepatitis A. Bringing the water to a full boil for at least 1 minute generally makes it safe to drink.

Early symptoms of hepatitis A infection can be mistaken for influenza, but some sufferers, especially children, exhibit no symptoms at all. Symptoms typically appear 2 to 6 weeks, (the incubation period), after the initial infection.[6]




Symptoms can return over the following 6–9 months and include:[7]



Fatigue

Fever

Abdominal pain

Nausea

Diarrhea

Appetite loss

Depression

Jaundice, a yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes

Sharp pains in the right-upper quadrant of the abdomen

Weight loss

Itching

Bile is removed from blood stream and excreted in urine giving a dark amber colour

Feces tend to be light in colour due to lack of bilirubin in bile

buat kerja sendiri.....
Sy suka dgn ayat tu. Tp x la bermaksud sy x leh keje as a team...Sbb keje as a team lg berkualiti dr keje sorang2...
Tp yg nak dikatakan kat cni, jgn pertikaikan org suka atau x kat kita. Especialy dlm hal bekerja.
Kite sendiri tau, setiap tmpat keje confirm akan ade politiknye sendiri . Terdengar2 cerita n sosah soseh psl si polan x suka si polan, si A asyik cantas si B, si C dok tompang si D,si E dok mengampu A, si F asyik la sokong famili sndiri.....
Sy ase setiap organisasi ade corak politik dan perangainye tersendiri yg di acukan oleh Ketua n pekerja2...x kire la, Pegawai A++++++, ------> Pegawai Z, sume adalah pencorak kp organisasi dan, corak dan perangai yg ade setiap organisasi ni hampir same, tinggal lg, identiti manekah yg mendominasi organisasi tersebut. adakah ; Cemerlang, Gemilang, Terbilang, Kualiti Terbaik, Production Mantap, Keje Perfect ; Tempat org tabur fitnah, tmpat bercinta, tempat curang, tempat bergaduh, tempat nk tunjuk akulah HERO....mcm2 lagi la....
Pd saye, biarlah ape pun corak n bentuk organisasi len, yg penting, sy mahukan organisasi sy (UiTM...lebih khusus;UiTM Johor) lebih terbilang dari kampus2len dalam suasana keje yg aman.
Kedudukan geografi organisasi ini yg sgt nyaman dan sentosa seharusnya di pergunakan oleh sume rakan2 sekerja sy untuk menjadikannya budaya.

Seorang ketua yg baik, seharusnya memberi peluang kpd semua ank buahnya mengeluarkan pendapat dan pandangan serta idea x kire masa atau dimana. dan bile dilihat idea itu memberi kesan kepada organisasi (BUKAN DIRI SENDIRI), seharusnya di teruskan dengan perbincangan yg mendalam.
Dan, seorang ank buah (Pekerja) yg cemerlang  perlu sentiasa memberi pandangan yg membina dan positif kepada peneraju organisasi supaya ape yg kita fikirkan dpt dikongsi bersama org len dan di amek faedahnya. Tp, jika idea itu ditolak, jgn la pula kite terasa hati dan kate pihak pengurusan berat sebelah (dek kerana  menolak idea kte)..Sbb, kite cuma mencadangkan pandangan dan dibincangkan. ..
Kenape perlu ade perasaan kecewa bile idea kite ditolak???Ikhlaskah kite memberi pandangan tersebut?
Setiap insan diberi fikiran dan kreativiti masing2 yg tersendiri dalam memikirkan sesuatu, mungkin idea kite kurang berkesan dalam perbincangn akal2 yg lain,...

Apa yang penting, tanggungjawab yang sedia ada kite laksanakan sebaik mungkin.....InsyaAllah, keikhlasan bekerja dan bersama organisasi akan sentiasa di hati kita..

Semangat!!